# How much has Romania given to Ukraine since 2022?

Romania's support for Ukraine since 2022: €1.8bn (0.58% of one year's GDP: its aid, its EU share, refugee hosting, private donations and its other parts of support, net of money flowing back). Russia kept €6.7bn (2.1% of GDP) less than without the war; Russia also lost €0.35bn of return on reserves frozen there. The net is 2.8% of a year's GDP toward Ukraine (likely 0.99% to 4.6% toward Ukraine; very likely · 99%).

[Open in the map →](https://warbalance.org/#ROU)

Toward Ukraine by

2.8% of a year's GDP since 2022

very likely · 99%

likely 0.99% to 4.6% toward Ukraine · €8.9bn · ≈ 0.60%/yr

Supported Ukraine + cut Russia's earnings from trade + froze Russian money = 2.8% of GDP toward Ukraine. Mostly less kept by Russia from trade. What Russia kept less was partly required by sanctions, partly beyond them.

Chance toward Ukraine: 99%; 100% of the other method choices agree.

Support for Ukraine

Supported Ukraine with

0.58%

€1.8bn

likely 0.39% to 0.81% very likely · >99%

Russia's earnings from trade

Cut Russia's earnings from trade by

2.1%

€6.7bn

likely 0.32% to 3.9% toward Ukraine very likely · 96%

Russia kept €6.7bn (2.1% of GDP) less than without the war.

- Russia's gain: Russia kept 2.1% of GDP less (€6.7bn; likely 0.31% to 3.9% toward Ukraine)
- Romania's own gain from trade with Russia: Romania kept 0.01% of GDP less from its trade with Russia (€46m; likely <0.01% to 0.05% toward Ukraine)

The two lines add up to Russia's earnings from trade; their ranges do not.

Russian money frozen: Froze Russian money: Russia lost 0.11% of GDP in returns (€349m).

## Its story in short

- Partly its sanctions, partly beyond them Of the €7.7bn less that Russia kept from its trade, about 51% was required by EU sanctions it agreed to as a member (Council Regulation 833/2014), 49% went beyond them.
- Russian oil at a war-time discount After the sanctions, Russia sold it oil below world prices: about €396m over 2022–2026. What Russia kept on that oil is counted at those lower prices, in the part on fuel and goods it sold here: the sanctions working on prices, not a choice to buy less.
- Bought 96% less from Russia What it bought from Russia, in euros at each year's prices: €3.8bn in 2021, €132m in 2025. Only what Russia kept on it counts in the totals.
- Sold Russia 76% less What it sold to Russia, in euros at each year's prices: €1.1bn in 2021, €261m in 2025. Only what it kept on it counts in the totals.
- Hosts many refugees 219,900 refugees from Ukraine, 12 per 1,000 residents.

## What makes up the number

Supported Ukraine with 0.58% · €1.8bn

| Its share of EU aidB | +0.26% | €835m |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aid: weapons, money, loansB | +0.13% | €424m |
| Hosting refugeesD | +0.13% | €423m |
| Private donationsD | +0.04% | €143m |
| Ukraine kept more from extra sales hereC | +0.04% | €113m |
| Romania kept more from extra services sold to UkraineB | −0.02% | €52m |
| Romania kept more from extra sales to UkraineC | −0.01% | €35m |
| Romania kept back part of its refugee spendingC | −<0.01% | €10m |
| Romania kept more from arms Ukraine bought hereC | −<0.01% | €9m |
| Its share of IMF and World Bank loansC | +<0.01% | €8m |
| Romania kept part of aid spent here (energy, rebuilding)C | −<0.01% | €3m |

Cut Russia's earnings from trade by 2.1% · €6.7bn

| Russia kept less from fuel and goods sold hereC | +2.4% | €7.6bn |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Russia kept more from its oil bought via other countriesDown estimate | −0.21% | €683m |
| Russia kept more from war-time fuel pricesC | −0.07% | €228m |
| Russian owners kept more from their firms hereD | −0.02% | €71m |
| Romania kept less from selling to RussiaC | +0.01% | €42m |
| Russia kept less from services sold hereC | +<0.01% | €6m |
| Romania kept less from services sold to RussiaC | +<0.01% | €3m |

Froze Russian money: Russia lost 0.11% in returns · €349m

| Russia lost returns on its frozen moneyC | +0.07% | €225m |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Russian owners lost returns on assets frozen hereD | +0.04% | €124m |

+ toward Ukraine, − toward Russia (in support for Ukraine, − is money it earned back or bought less from Ukraine than without the war). Letters: A reported, B measured estimate, C modelled estimate, D rough indication.

## By year

The year with the largest net amount was 2024: +€2.5bn. Support for Ukraine fell from €0.41bn in 2022 to €0.19bn in 2025.

| Year | Support for Ukraine | Trade: toward Ukraine (+) / toward Russia (−) | Russian money frozen | Net | Net since 2022 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [2022](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2022/) | +€408m | +€31m | +€25m | +€464m | +0.15% |
| [2023](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2023/) | +€508m | +€1.8bn | +€111m | +€2.5bn | +0.92% |
| [2024](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2024/) | +€555m | +€1.9bn | +€96m | +€2.5bn | +1.7% |
| [2025](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2025/) | +€193m | +€1.4bn | +€73m | +€1.7bn | +2.2% |
| [2026](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2026/)\* | +€173m | +€1.5bn | +€43m | +€1.8bn | +2.8% |

Each year's amount: + toward Ukraine, − toward Russia. \*2026: to August.

## Support for Ukraine by type

Romania's support for Ukraine, 2022 to August 2026, split by type. The parts add up to the map's figure.

| Military aid | €0.30bnrange €0.18bn to €0.40bn; Kiel: €0.41bn |
| --- | --- |
| Financial aid (incl. IMF and World Bank share) | €8mof which its share of IMF and World Bank lending: €8m |
| Humanitarian aid | €0.12bn |
| Refugee hosting | €0.42bn |
| Share of EU aid | €0.83bnof which military: €4m |
| Private donations and purchases | €0.26bn |
| Money flowing back | −€0.11bnsubtracted |
| Support for Ukraine (the map's figure) | €1.8bn |

Quality of the split: C

[Military aid to Ukraine, every country →](https://warbalance.org/military-aid-to-ukraine-by-country/)

## Trade with Russia before and after

It bought €3.8bn from Russia in 2021 and €0.13bn in 2025 (−96%). It sold €1.1bn to Russia in 2021 and €0.26bn in 2025 (−76%). Before the war (2018–2021), fuel was 80.1% of what it bought from Russia. For Romania: €228m paid above no-war prices, most of it in 2022. These are sales values at each year's prices; the totals count what the seller kept on them.

## What it bought from Russia, by fuel

Romania's purchases from Russia, 2022 to August 2026, by fuel: by its own customs records (CIF), on the map's basis (the Russian border price, FOB) and by CREA's tracker (ship data). The map's figure is the total on the map's basis.

| Fuel | Customs (CIF) | Map basis (FOB) | Tracker (CREA) | Quality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Crude oil | €1.3bn | €0.50bnrange €0.22bn to €0.72bn | €2.3bn | A |
| Oil products | €3.4bn | €3.1bnrange €1.9bn to €3.7bn | €2bn | C (estimate) |
| Pipeline gas | €0.12bn | €0.11bnrange €64m to €0.13bn | €3.3bn | A |
| Coal | €96m | €90mrange €54m to €0.11bn | €20m | A |
| Other goods | €1.2bn | €1.1bn | – | – |
| All goods | €6.2bn | €4.9bn | – | – |

Quality by year: 2022: A, 2023: A, 2024: C, 2025: C, 2026, January to August: A. C and D are estimates.

[Every buyer, by fuel →](https://warbalance.org/russian-oil-gas-buyers/#by-fuel)

## Sanctions, Russia's own cut-offs, or a choice

Of what Russia kept less from its trade: 51% required by EU sanctions it agreed to as a member, 49% beyond what sanctions required.

## Sanctions on Russia

Yes. As an EU member, Romania applies the EU's sanctions on Russia, which every member agreed to in the Council. It is part of the price cap coalition on Russian oil through the EU. Separately, Russia lists Romania as an “unfriendly” state (government order 430-r, 5 March 2022): that is Russia's own list of countries it acts against, not a sanction by Romania. Checked 27 October 2026.

### Sources

- [Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 (consolidated)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/833/oj)
- [Statement of the G7 and Australia on a price cap for seaborne Russian-origin crude oil, 2 December 2022 (German Federal Foreign Office)](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/g7-australia-price-cap-seaborne-russian-origin-crude-oil/2567026)
- [US eCFR, 15 CFR Part 746 Supplement No. 3: countries excluded from certain license requirements](https://www.ecfr.gov/api/renderer/v1/content/enhanced/current/title-15?part=746)
- [Government of Russia, Order of 5 March 2022 No. 430-r (official publication, scanned)](http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202203070001)
- [ConsultantPlus, Order 430-r, current edition 'ред. от 29.10.2022'](https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons\_doc\_LAW\_411064/)

[Every country's sanctions on Russia →](https://warbalance.org/countries-with-sanctions-on-russia/#ROU)

## The cost of switching away from Russian energy

Replacing Russian energy cost it about €3.1bn extra from 2022 (0.98% of one year's GDP). Russian oil bought at a war-time discount saved it about €0.40bn. Neither is in the totals: shown for information.

## Russian money frozen

Russian money frozen: 0.11% of a year's GDP (€349m; likely €252m to €410m): the return Russia lost on its central-bank reserves and on Russian private assets frozen here. Not a payment, so it is on its own line, added to the net only.

No public figure has been published for the amounts frozen here; a missing figure does not mean that nothing is frozen.

## Refugees from Ukraine

219,900 refugees from Ukraine, 12 per 1,000 residents. Refugees counted as of 2026. Counted as support for Ukraine: €0.42bn (0.13% of one year's GDP), the public cost of hosting refugees from 2022, after the host's gain on the work refugees do. For Romania: €472m spent on refugees, less €49m, its gain on the work refugees did here.

## Why this differs from the Kiel tracker

Kiel Institute's figure for its own aid: €538m; counted here: €424m — donated weapons at their market value; loans at their gift value, not their full amount. Loans, full amount: €1.2bn; Loans, grant equivalent: €0.54bn. Promised but not yet delivered, in the Kiel Institute's figures: €1.5bn. It is not counted here. Military aid allocated but not yet delivered is not counted: €129m (Kiel's full allocation is the high end).

## Money flowing back from the war effort

€5.5bn of aid and of Ukraine's purchases was spent in Romania; what its firms kept of it, €0.11bn, is taken off its support.

## Companies, Russia and Russian owners

Russian owners kept more from their firms here: €71m (0.02% of one year's GDP).

## Indirect channels: hubs, refined oil, shipping

Russia kept more from its oil bought via other countries: €0.68bn (0.21% of one year's GDP).

## Compared with its neighbours and groups

In the map's ranking: number 15 of 32 economies toward Ukraine, as a share of GDP. EU countries: number 13 of 21 members toward Ukraine. NATO members: number 13 of 23 members toward Ukraine.

### Neighbours by land

| Country | Net, % of GDP |
| --- | --- |
| [Moldova](https://warbalance.org/country/moldova/) | +6.9% · +€1.1bn · very likely · 97% |
| [Bulgaria](https://warbalance.org/country/bulgaria/) | +3.3% · +€3.1bn · likely toward Ukraine · 95% |
| Romania | +2.8% · +€8.9bn · very likely · 99% |
| [Serbia](https://warbalance.org/country/serbia/) | −1.4% · −€1.1bn · likely toward Russia · 84% |
| [Hungary](https://warbalance.org/country/hungary/) | −6.0% · −€11.4bn · very likely · 97% |

### In its region, with the same chance and direction: the nearest net shares of GDP

| Country | Net, % of GDP |
| --- | --- |
| [Czechia](https://warbalance.org/country/czechia/) | +2.6% · +€8bn · very likely · 97% |
| [Belgium](https://warbalance.org/country/belgium/) | +3.4% · +€20.3bn · very likely · >99% |
| [Luxembourg](https://warbalance.org/country/luxembourg/) | +3.5% · +€2.9bn · very likely · >99% |
| [Cyprus](https://warbalance.org/country/cyprus/) | +3.6% · +€1.2bn · very likely · >99% |

## How the number is backed

40 sources back its parts: 13 official statistics, 8 research reports, 0 press reports and 5 of this project's own estimates, plus 14 method inputs. By size, 12% of its parts are reported or measured (A–B), 75% modelled (C) and 13% rough indications (D).

### Data coverage

- Aid to Ukraine: reported Kiel Institute, to 31 Aug 2026, incl. EU share
- Private donations: estimated national totals or a GDP-based estimate
- Services trade with Russia: estimated Eurostat, OECD-WTO and Bank of Russia data
- Refugee hosting: estimated modelled from refugees hosted per year
- Bought from Russia: reported reported 2021-2025
- Sold to Russia: estimated partner data plus an estimate of goods reaching Russia via third countries
- Bought from Ukraine: reported reported 2021-2025
- Sold to Ukraine: reported reported 2021-2025
- Energy switching cost: estimated modelled per fuel and month
- Company taxes in Russia: estimated allocated by company counts and investment
- Money flowing back: estimated each euro followed to the economy where it was spent

### Sources, by part

### Russia kept less from fuel and goods sold here C

- official · [UN Comtrade, IMF trade statistics and Eurostat: goods trade with Russia and Ukraine](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?period=2024&partnerCode=643&flowCode=M&cmdCode=TOTAL&customsCode=C00&motCode=0&partner2Code=0)
- official · [Russian gas by country of final use (Eurostat imports by origin, ENTSOG flows, CREA), passed on from transit countries](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg\_ti\_gas/default/table)
- own estimate · [EU refiners' fuel exports made from Russian crude: refinery export shares, CREA tracker crude volumes, each refiner's UN Comtrade HS 2710 exports by partner (2021)](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=440&period=2021&cmdCode=2710&flowCode=X)

### Its share of EU aid B

- research · [EU-level aid split over member states by their contribution to the EU budget (Kiel method)](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)
- research · [Loans at economic value: Kiel loan terms (maturity, interest, grace), EU regulations, Ukraine's Eurobond yields; IMF, World Bank, EBRD and CEB lending by shareholding](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)

### Russia kept more from its oil bought via other countries D

- own estimate · [Laundered oil: fuel made from Russian crude, assigned to the final buyer (trading hubs pass on what they resell), valued at the Russian crude inside it](https://energyandcleanair.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/CREA\_PCC\_Refined-Oil-Analysis\_19.02.2024\_Rev\_15.04.2024.pdf)

### Aid: weapons, money, loans B

- official · [Kiel Institute, Ukraine Support Tracker Release 31 (published 8 Oct 2026)](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)
- research · [Donated weapons at market value: GAO and DoD Inspector General (US drawdown valuation), UK National Audit Office, EU Peace Facility claims, used-equipment and munitions prices](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106934)

### Hosting refugees D

- official · [Refugee hosting cost: national budget figures where reported, otherwise refugees hosted per year x cost per refugee calibrated on those budgets](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/migr\_asytpsm?citizen=UA&sex=T&age=TOTAL&unit=PER)
- official · [Refugees' taxes and contributions: Czech Labour Ministry, Polish Ministry of Finance, Lithuanian ministry, OECD and IAB employment data; Poland's Aid Fund (BGK) spending](https://mpsv.gov.cz/cms/documents/960141c9-77fe-a2a0-08eb-0935789a6a7e/TZ\_bilance\_UA\_24022025.pdf)
- official · [Refugees' work and the industries they work in: Bundesagentur fuer Arbeit (Arbeitsmarkt kompakt, 30 Jan 2026), CBS (Oekraiense vluchtelingen, 1 Nov 2025, Tabel 4), ZUS and PAP (Poland), MPSV (Czechia), OECD-EMN employment rates; OECD STAN output and labour cost](https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/DE/Statischer-Content/Statistiken/Themen-im-Fokus/Migration/Personen-nach-Staatsangehoerigkeiten/Generische-Publikationen/AM-kompakt-Auswirkungen-Fluchtmigration-Ukraine-Arbeitsmarkt.pdf)

- official · [UN Comtrade, IMF trade statistics and Eurostat: goods trade with Russia and Ukraine](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?period=2024&partnerCode=643&flowCode=M&cmdCode=TOTAL&customsCode=C00&motCode=0&partner2Code=0)
- official · [Russian gas by country of final use (Eurostat imports by origin, ENTSOG flows, CREA), passed on from transit countries](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg\_ti\_gas/default/table)
- own estimate · [EU refiners' fuel exports made from Russian crude: refinery export shares, CREA tracker crude volumes, each refiner's UN Comtrade HS 2710 exports by partner (2021)](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=440&period=2021&cmdCode=2710&flowCode=X)
- official · [Fuel made from Russian crude, measured per buyer: the buyer's own customs imports of fuel by origin (UN Comtrade, DGCI&S) x the Russian share of each origin's crude (customs; CREA and KSE Institute refinery data) x crude content](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS)
- official · [Fuel made from Russian crude, measured from the buyers' own records: India's and the buyers' monthly customs (UN Comtrade), Türkiye's crude by origin (EPDK), EU refiners' Russian crude (Eurostat), US imports (EIA), Cyprus's and Malta's energy imports by consigning country (Eurostat), Australian Petroleum Statistics](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nrg\_ti\_oil?geo=CY&geo=MT&siec=O4000&unit=THS\_T)
- official · [Re-exports through trade hubs (UAE, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and others): UN Comtrade re-export flags and matched product trade](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=784&period=2023&partnerCode=643&flowCode=RX&cmdCode=AG2)
- method input · [Price levels of what was traded with Russia and Ukraine (2019-2021 = 1): each buyer's own customs unit values per fuel and for other goods, benchmark indices (CREA, World Bank, Eurostat), gas contract prices; oil at the Russian port (FOB), outliers screened](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?period=2023&partnerCode=643&cmdCode=TOTAL&flowCode=M)
- method input · [Expected trade without the war: models back-tested on 2008, 2013 and 2016 against holding 2021 flat (UN Comtrade, World Bank WDI and commodity prices, UN voting)](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?period=2021&partnerCode=643&flowCode=X&cmdCode=TOTAL)
- method input · [Ranges of the 2022-2026 total measured on the back-tests' cumulative errors; own bands tested on their own history for Mongolia, Yemen, Tajikistan, Moldova, Türkiye, Kenya, Peru and French Polynesia](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?reporterCode=498&period=2019&flowCode=M&partnerCode=643&cmdCode=99,2711,27,31,TOTAL)
- method input · [Russia's net gain per euro of exports (taxes plus profit above a normal return): Russian Finance Ministry, company reports, IEA, Rosstat](https://minfin.gov.ru/ru/statistics/fedbud/oil)
- method input · [net-gain shares from official sector profitability (Russia: FNS/Rosstat by OKVED-2 activity; Ukraine: Derzhstat by KVED division), export duties collected and company results](https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons\_doc\_LAW\_55729/df3929054ebc0ff6d666accad51e6fedca8c75fe/)
- method input · [refugee hosting budgets, remittance mirror shares, national donation totals, Hong Kong gold 2026 and OECD ITIC freight margins](https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2022/10/international-migration-outlook-2022\_140ace0e/30fe16d2-en.pdf)
- method input · [Russian gas prices per country: Eurostat Comext and UN Comtrade unit values, published contract prices, oil-formula estimates](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/comext/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/DS-045409?format=JSON&freq=M&partner=RU&product=271121&product=271111&flow=1&indicators=VALUE\_IN\_EUROS&indicators=QUANTITY\_IN\_100KG&sinceTimePeriod=2021-01)
- research · [EU-level aid split over member states by their contribution to the EU budget (Kiel method)](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)
- method input · [Audit of 31 major countries against Kiel, CREA, Eurostat, national statistics and government reports](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)
- research · [Loans at economic value: Kiel loan terms (maturity, interest, grace), EU regulations, Ukraine's Eurobond yields; IMF, World Bank, EBRD and CEB lending by shareholding](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)
- own estimate · [Laundered oil: fuel made from Russian crude, assigned to the final buyer (trading hubs pass on what they resell), valued at the Russian crude inside it](https://energyandcleanair.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/CREA\_PCC\_Refined-Oil-Analysis\_19.02.2024\_Rev\_15.04.2024.pdf)
- official · [Kiel Institute, Ukraine Support Tracker Release 31 (published 8 Oct 2026)](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)
- research · [Donated weapons at market value: GAO and DoD Inspector General (US drawdown valuation), UK National Audit Office, EU Peace Facility claims, used-equipment and munitions prices](https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106934)
- method input · [money-rule and cost-view constants from data: firm-level redirection studies, Kiel item coding of EU-level military aid, lenders' funding costs, EU, UK and Canadian estimates of duties waived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230606033537/https://repec.iza.org/dp16146.pdf)
- official · [Refugee hosting cost: national budget figures where reported, otherwise refugees hosted per year x cost per refugee calibrated on those budgets](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/migr\_asytpsm?citizen=UA&sex=T&age=TOTAL&unit=PER)
- official · [Refugees' taxes and contributions: Czech Labour Ministry, Polish Ministry of Finance, Lithuanian ministry, OECD and IAB employment data; Poland's Aid Fund (BGK) spending](https://mpsv.gov.cz/cms/documents/960141c9-77fe-a2a0-08eb-0935789a6a7e/TZ\_bilance\_UA\_24022025.pdf)
- official · [Refugees' work and the industries they work in: Bundesagentur fuer Arbeit (Arbeitsmarkt kompakt, 30 Jan 2026), CBS (Oekraiense vluchtelingen, 1 Nov 2025, Tabel 4), ZUS and PAP (Poland), MPSV (Czechia), OECD-EMN employment rates; OECD STAN output and labour cost](https://statistik.arbeitsagentur.de/DE/Statischer-Content/Statistiken/Themen-im-Fokus/Migration/Personen-nach-Staatsangehoerigkeiten/Generische-Publikationen/AM-kompakt-Auswirkungen-Fluchtmigration-Ukraine-Arbeitsmarkt.pdf)
- own estimate · [War-time price windfall on Russian fuel: payments minus the same volume at the prices a no-war market expected (pre-invasion forecasts and futures: IMF, World Bank, EIA, ECB, ICE)](https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/weo/2022/update/january/english/text.pdf)
- research · [Tanker shipping, insurance and ship sales serving Russian oil and LNG exports: CREA, KSE Institute, S&P Global, Windward, press reports](https://sanctions.kse.ua/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/ROT\_July-2026.pdf)
- research · [Return denied on Russia's frozen central-bank reserves: Euroclear reports, Swiss SECO, EU Commission, G7 and central bank statements; rates per currency and year](https://www.euroclear.com/newsandinsights/en/press/2026/mr-06-euroclear-delivers-strong-2025-results.html)
- research · [Private donations to Ukraine: national donation totals (DZI, DEC, Candid) and a GDP-based model elsewhere](https://www.dzi.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/DZI\_PM\_16Apr2025.pdf)
- research · [Return lost on Russian private assets frozen abroad: EU Commission, Belgian Treasury, OFSI, Swiss SECO, national authorities, Bank of Russia statements on securities blocked at Euroclear and Clearstream](https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine\_en)
- method input · [Expected trade with Ukraine without the war: rolling back-tests on Ukraine's own history and on analogue partners (IMF WEO vintages, IMF DOTS)](https://db.nomics.world/IMF/DOT)
- method input · [Ukraine's net gain per euro of exports (taxes plus profit above a normal return): Ukrstat, company reports, KSE Institute](https://stat.gov.ua/sites/default/files/2026-09/yearbook\_24e.pdf)
- own estimate · [Purchases from Ukraine against what Ukraine could export: Ukraine's exports by product group and partner (UN Comtrade, State Customs Service of Ukraine), ECB exchange rates](https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS)
- research · [Company exits from Russia and Russian-owned companies abroad: Russian budget data, KSE and Yale exit lists, company reports, Bank of Russia balance of payments](https://kse.ua/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/KSE\_Assessing-Foreign-Companies-Losses-in-Russia.pdf)
- official · [Services sold to Ukraine: Eurostat bop\_its6\_det (partner UA), OECD-WTO BaTiS, National Bank of Ukraine services imports and card spending abroad](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/bop\_its6\_det/default/table)
- official · [GDP gaps (UNSD, UN WPP, CEPAL), Russia's import gap by country of origin, Hong Kong gold composition](https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Excel%20Files/1\_Indicator%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL\_FILES/1\_General/WPP2024\_GEN\_F01\_DEMOGRAPHIC\_INDICATORS\_COMPACT.xlsx)
- method input · [Checks against national and trade statistics: UAE gold and fuel, undisclosed aid, Russia's import-statistics gap, trend windows, border-priced imports](https://www.swissaid.ch/en/media/united-arab-emirates-more-than-ever-a-hub-for-conflict-gold/)
- method input · [Genuinely extra share of money earned: production ramp-ups and trade-redirection studies; value kept in the economy (the earlier rule): OECD Trade in Value Added (TiVA, 2025 edition)](https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD\_TIVA\_MAINSH@DF\_MAINSH,1.1/EXGR\_DVA..BTE+C+C19+C25+C26+C28+C302T309+GTN+H50+I.W.PT\_EXGR.A?startPeriod=2018&format=csv)
- method input · [Sellers' net gain per euro of sales (taxes on production plus profit above a normal return of 5% a year above inflation after company tax, plus the country's risk premium): OECD STAN database, 2025 edition, by country and industry; Damodaran country risk premiums](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.STI.PIE,DSD\_STAN@DF\_STAN\_2025,1.0/A..C+C19+C25+C252+C26+C28+C30+C303+C304+H50+I+GTN+K+K65+\_T.P1+D29X39+B2A3N+B2A3G+P51C+D1.V.XDC?startPeriod=2017&endPeriod=2024&format=csv)
- official · [Where the money for Ukraine was spent: Kiel Ukraine Support Tracker item coding (release 31), CSIS, DSCA notifications, Ukraine's Ministry of Finance, replacement purchases (DoD Inspector General, NAO, government statements)](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)
- official · [Services trade with Russia (tourism, transport, business services): Eurostat, OECD-WTO BaTiS, Bank of Russia](https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/data/OECD.SDD.TPS,DSD\_BATIS@DF\_BATIS,1.0/.RUS...S...?startPeriod=2010&endPeriod=2021)
- own estimate · [Military aid delivered by 31 August 2026: Kiel Ukraine Support Tracker release 31 allocation rows with delivery lead times by channel; US Department of Defense (Lead IG quarterly report Q1 2026) for USAI](https://www.kielinstitut.de/fileadmin/Dateiverwaltung/IfW-Publications/fis-import/bc5059ba-ef38-4f08-988a-746a03905a6c-Ukraine\_Support\_Tracker\_\_Release\_31.xlsx)

## Questions

### Does Romania trade with Russia?

It bought €0.13bn from Russia in 2025 (€3.8bn in 2021), and sold €0.26bn to Russia. What counts here is the change in what Russia kept from that trade (taxes and profit, not sales) against a world without the war: Russia kept €6.7bn (2.1% of GDP) less than without the war.

### How much has Romania given to Ukraine?

Romania's support for Ukraine from 2022 to August 2026: €1.8bn, 0.58% of one year's GDP (likely 0.39% to 0.81%). It counts its aid (weapons at market value when delivered, loans at their gift value), its share of EU aid, its share of IMF and World Bank lending, the cost of hosting refugees, private donations, an estimate of undisclosed military aid and purchases from Ukraine against the no-war level, net of money flowing back.

### Does Romania still buy Russian oil and gas?

Before the war (2018–2021), fuel was 80.1% of what it bought from Russia. In 2025 it bought €0.13bn of fuel and other goods from Russia, against €3.8bn in 2021; the section on what it bought from Russia by fuel splits it.

### Is Romania helping Russia?

In money terms the net is +2.8% of one year's GDP (likely 0.99% to 4.6% toward Ukraine; very likely · 99%). Chance toward Ukraine: 99%; 100% of the other method choices agree. Russia kept €6.7bn (2.1% of GDP) less than without the war. The number counts money: weapons at their money value; votes, diplomacy and intent are not in it.

### Why does War Balance differ from the Kiel tracker for Romania?

Kiel Institute's figure for its own aid: €538m; counted here: €424m — donated weapons at their market value; loans at their gift value, not their full amount.

### Did Romania cut trade with Russia because of sanctions?

Of what Russia kept less from its trade: 51% required by EU sanctions it agreed to as a member, 49% beyond what sanctions required.

### Does Romania have sanctions on Russia?

Yes. As an EU member, Romania applies the EU's sanctions on Russia, which every member agreed to in the Council. It is part of the price cap coalition on Russian oil through the EU. Separately, Russia lists Romania as an “unfriendly” state (government order 430-r, 5 March 2022): that is Russia's own list of countries it acts against, not a sanction by Romania. Sources: [Council Regulation (EU) No 833/2014 (consolidated)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/833/oj); [Statement of the G7 and Australia on a price cap for seaborne Russian-origin crude oil, 2 December 2022 (German Federal Foreign Office)](https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/g7-australia-price-cap-seaborne-russian-origin-crude-oil/2567026).

## Nearby in the ranking

Toward Ukraine · number 15 of 32

12. [Luxembourg](https://warbalance.org/country/luxembourg/) · +3.5% · Toward Ukraine · +€2.9bn
13. [Belgium](https://warbalance.org/country/belgium/) · +3.4% · Toward Ukraine · +€20.3bn
14. [Norway](https://warbalance.org/country/norway/) · +2.9% · Toward Ukraine · +€14.8bn
15. Romania+2.8% · Toward Ukraine · +€8.9bn
16. [Czechia](https://warbalance.org/country/czechia/) · +2.6% · Toward Ukraine · +€8.0bn
17. [United Kingdom](https://warbalance.org/country/united-kingdom/) · +1.8% · Toward Ukraine · +€58.4bn
18. [Ireland](https://warbalance.org/country/ireland/) · +1.8% · Toward Ukraine · +€9.5bn

## More about Romania

### Groups

- [EU countries](https://warbalance.org/group/eu/)
- [NATO members](https://warbalance.org/group/nato/)

### Compared with

- [United States vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/united-states-vs-romania/)
- [Germany vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/germany-vs-romania/)
- [Netherlands vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/netherlands-vs-romania/)
- [United Kingdom vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/united-kingdom-vs-romania/)
- [France vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/france-vs-romania/)
- [Poland vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/poland-vs-romania/)
- [Norway vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/norway-vs-romania/)
- [Italy vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/italy-vs-romania/)
- [Denmark vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/denmark-vs-romania/)
- [Sweden vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/sweden-vs-romania/)
- [Canada vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/canada-vs-romania/)
- [Spain vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/spain-vs-romania/)
- [Switzerland vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/switzerland-vs-romania/)
- [Ireland vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/ireland-vs-romania/)
- [Belgium vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/belgium-vs-romania/)
- [Japan vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/japan-vs-romania/)
- [Finland vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/finland-vs-romania/)
- [Czechia vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/czechia-vs-romania/)
- [Austria vs Romania](https://warbalance.org/compare/austria-vs-romania/)

### Its parts, ranked against other countries

- [Russia's gain on fuel and goods it sold](https://warbalance.org/russia-earnings-from-fuel-and-goods/)
- [Cost of replacing Russian energy](https://warbalance.org/cost-of-replacing-russian-energy/)
- [Share of EU aid to Ukraine](https://warbalance.org/eu-aid-to-ukraine-by-member/)
- [Government aid to Ukraine](https://warbalance.org/government-aid-to-ukraine/)
- [Russia's gain from war-time fuel prices](https://warbalance.org/russia-war-time-fuel-prices/)
- [Frozen Russian central bank reserves](https://warbalance.org/frozen-russian-central-bank-reserves/)
- [Private donations to Ukraine](https://warbalance.org/private-donations-to-ukraine/)
- [Frozen Russian private assets](https://warbalance.org/frozen-russian-private-assets/)
- [Purchases from Ukraine vs no war](https://warbalance.org/imports-from-ukraine/)
- [Profits of Russian-owned companies abroad](https://warbalance.org/russian-owned-companies-abroad/)
- [Extra services sold to Ukraine](https://warbalance.org/services-sold-to-ukraine/)
- [Sellers' gain on sales to Russia](https://warbalance.org/exports-to-russia/)

### Every country, by year

- [2022](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2022/)
- [2023](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2023/)
- [2024](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2024/)
- [2025](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2025/)
- [2026](https://warbalance.org/ukraine-aid-2026/)
- [All topics](https://warbalance.org/topics/)

40 sources in all; the map's panel lists every one, with its documents. [Open in the map](https://warbalance.org/#ROU) · [How this is measured](https://warbalance.org/how-it-works/)

[Українська](https://warbalance.org/uk/country/romania/)[Deutsch](https://warbalance.org/de/country/romania/)[Français](https://warbalance.org/fr/country/romania/)[Polski](https://warbalance.org/pl/country/romania/)[Nederlands](https://warbalance.org/nl/country/romania/)[Español](https://warbalance.org/es/country/romania/)

Cite as: War Balance, figures to August 2026, https://warbalance.org/country/romania/